Food for thought

Did you know these popular dishes used to be very different?

The food scene in the U.S. is extremely varied, taking inspiration from different cuisines around the world. Several staple dishes that Americans know and love, such as pizza or orange chicken, were not created here; they were brought from many corners of the world by immigrants, but tastes, ingredients, and techniques have changed, and many of these dishes have also changed to adapt to the new country. Other dishes were developed in America, but they were intended to emulate or replace something left behind. Let’s look into 10 dishes that can be found everywhere in the U.S., but only because of immigration.

There’s nothing more quintessentially American than a good pizza, but everybody knows pizza is Italian, right? But not all pizza. Back home in Italy, pizza follows a ‘less-is-more’ approach: a light crust, few fresh ingredients, and minimal toppings, all aiming to achieve simple, well-balanced flavors.

On the other hand, American pizza is bolder: stronger flavors, abundant cheese and toppings, several dough styles, and an array of influences from different cultures make it a staple for all tastes and occasions. In this case, more is more.

If you know Panda Express, you know Orange chicken. After all, it is one of their signature dishes; they even have a food truck that tours the U.S., giving away samples of the dish. But did you know that it’s an Americanized version of a Chinese classic that has no orange at all?

The guys at Panda Express claim that orange chicken is their version of General Tso’s chicken, but this dish is not common in China. Instead, there are several versions of a similar dish that uses tangerine, a flavor common in Chinese cuisine but not as suited for American taste as orange.

Chicken Alfredo seems to be a point of contention between Italian servers and American tourists, the latter insisting it’s an Italian dish while the former claim they do not know about it. They are both technically right, but only because they are thinking about different things.

Fettuccine Alfredo is a Roman dish consisting of fettuccine with parmesan cheese and butter, emulsified to form a creamy sauce. This ingredient combination is not uncommon in Italy, and the dish is mainly known as fettuccine al burro (literally, ‘with butter’). American Alfredo, however, has evolved to include cream, and it is typically served with chicken, which makes it a totally different dish. It is not surprising, then, that Italians are confused.

We could spend the whole day talking about the wonders and intricacies of Tex-Mex cuisine and its importance for Americans, but let’s focus on one of its star dishes: the hard-shell taco. While the shared culinary history and cultural exchange between the U.S. and its southern neighbor is extensive, this crispy dish was invented on this side of the border in Mexican-American communities.

There’s no consensus on who invented or sold the first hard-shell taco, but there are records of its existence from the very early 20th Century. The dish gained national popularity in the 1960s when Taco Bell added it to its menu, and it’s now a go-to classic all around the country.

Some could argue that no one really eats fortune cookies, but we can agree that they are an integral part of Chinese takeout, so we’ll count them as ‘food’. However, they are not Chinese, nor were they associated with Chinese food in the beginning.

Fortune cookies were invented in San Francisco in the early 20th Century by Suyeichi Okamura, a Japanese restaurant owner, who allegedly got the idea from a Japanese snack. Years later, a Chinese cook claimed the idea to be his, and the courts had to intervene, ruling in favor of Okamura. No matter their origin, fortune cookies are non-negotiable if you are in the mood for Chinese takeout.

A staple in Floridian cuisine, one can only assume that the Cuban sandwich came from Cuba. But not the Cuban sandwich you are thinking of. What did come from there was the sandwich mixto (mixed sandwich), which, in many Hispanic countries, is just a ham and cheese sandwich, toasted, with possible add-ons such as lettuce, tomato, pickles, and some sauce.

The American Cuban sandwich, as we know it, is believed to have been invented by Cuban immigrants, and it follows a set recipe: Cuban bread, mustard, pork, ham, cheese, and pickles. Tampa and Miami fight for the honor of being the birthplace of the Cuban sandwich, with one main disagreement about its construction: in Tampa, salami is a non-negotiable, most likely influenced by the Italian community.

Apple pie is considered to be the U.S.’s unofficial pie, but it’s actually from England, which puts a new spin on the phrase "as American as apple pie". But some could think the English and American versions to be quite similar. Is there a real difference? Pie, apples, and everything in between were brought to America by the English, but the modern versions of this pie are different enough to justify a distinction.

English apple pie usually has a crumblier pastry, can include several spices and fruits such as raisins, pears, or figs, and has less sugar, relying upon the natural sweetness of apples. The American version, highly influenced by the Dutch appeltaart, has a flakier pastry, tart apples (and more sugar to balance the flavor), usually includes cinnamon, and might have a crumble. The verdict? Not quite twins, more like cousins.

If there’s a common trait for sushi in the Western world, it is that it’s nothing like Japanese sushi, and America is not the exception. The first sushi restaurant in the U.S. opened in the 1960s and initially served authentic Japanese sushi, but quickly evolved to adapt to local tastes.

While Japanese sushi is all about simplicity, American-style sushi tends to mix varied ingredients and flavors, to use different varieties of rice, and to include fusion influences. So, avocado and cream cheese? 0% traditional, 100% delicious.

The English first came across the English muffin in the 1990s, that’s because English muffins are American, even if they were created by an Englishman. Samuel Bath Thomas developed this breakfast staple in New York in the late 19th Century, and he was most likely influenced by an English classic, the crumpet.

Crumpets and English muffins serve similar culinary purposes (they are round vessels for yummy toppings), but the similarities don’t go much beyond that. Crumpets are made with baking soda, which results in a chewy, tangy dough, with bubble-like holes that make them perfect for butter, jam, or cream, and, unlike English muffins, are not intended to be split in half. On the other hand, English muffins use yeast and are more bread-like and crumblier. They can be paired with either sweet or savory toppings, and are a go-to for breakfast sandwiches. English only in name, American in spirit.

This staple dish follows an idea common to a lot of Italian American dishes: the addition of meat to a dish that was originally meatless. When Italian immigrants arrived in America, they found out that many of the ingredients they were used to were not available here. On the other hand, meat was much more accessible in comparison to the Italy they had left.

The original recipe for this dish is called melanzane alla Parmigiana (or just parmigiana), and uses breaded eggplant slices instead of chicken cutlets. No one knows who was the first to substitute the eggplant with a chicken cutlet, but we do know why it became popular.

Secrets in plain view

The untold stories behind 15 of the world’s most famous artworks

Art is often more than just visually stunning; it can carry deep, hidden meanings and symbols that offer a richer experience when understood. From elements that tell part of the artwork’s story to deliberate messages and strange secrets, here are 15 famous artworks with hidden layers you might not have noticed before.

Though the Mona Lisa is perhaps the most famous painting in the world, the identity of the woman in the portrait has long been a subject of debate. Most scholars believe she is Lisa Gherardini, a Florentine woman married to a wealthy merchant, Francesco del Giocondo. However, numerous alternative ideas have emerged, including theories that the subject is an idealized figure or even a concealed self-portrait of Da Vinci.

Rodin’s famous sculpture, The Thinker, was originally conceived as part of a larger work but became iconic in its own right. Despite its fame, many curious facts about the sculpture are often overlooked. For example, its original name was actually The Poet, which supports the theory that the statue was meant to depict Dante.

Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus blends classical mythology with Renaissance ideals of beauty. Venus, standing on a shell, symbolizes divine beauty and spiritual rebirth. Curiously, some believe it was modeled after the long-lost Venus Anadyomene, a painting by the ancient Greek artist Apelles, known only through Roman author Pliny the Elder’s description.

Munch’s The Scream captures a moment of extreme emotional distress. The swirling sky, vivid in color, reflects the inner turmoil of the subject. While Munch claimed the inspiration came from a panic attack he experienced while walking, some argue that the red skies may have been inspired by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, which caused vivid sunsets around the world.

In Raphael’s The School of Athens, ancient philosophers are depicted in conversation, but the placement of the figures is deliberate. Plato and Aristotle are centrally placed, with Plato pointing upwards, symbolizing his belief in ideal forms, while Aristotle’s gesture points horizontally, emphasizing his empirical approach.

The Statue of Liberty is not just a symbol of freedom; its design includes several symbolic elements. The broken chain at her feet represents the abolition of slavery, while the torch symbolizes enlightenment. But most curiously, Lady Liberty's face is said to have been modeled after the artist Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi's mother.

Da Vinci’s Last Supper holds numerous symbols, most notably the geometric composition. The table itself forms a triangle, symbolizing the Holy Trinity, while Christ’s position in the center divides the composition into a perfect balance of divine and human. Even the placement of Judas, isolated from the others on the opposite side of Christ, visually hints at his betrayal.

Grant Wood’s iconic American Gothic has often been interpreted as a commentary on rural American values, but there are more layers to the painting. In fact, it was inspired by a real house built in the style of "Carpenter Gothic," which Wood found rather pretentious for such a humble home. The characters, however, aren’t the real inhabitants of the house but Wood’s dentist and his sister.

The Venus de Milo represents idealized beauty in ancient Greek sculpture, but its missing arms add to its mystery. The lost limbs have sparked theories about its original pose, enhancing the statue's allure. Interestingly, some suggest the figure may not depict Aphrodite/Venus at all, but Amphitrite, the sea goddess worshiped on the island of Milos.

A master of visual storytelling, Rembrandt was well known for including hidden messages and symbolism. In his masterpiece The Night Watch, some believe the artist makes a subtle cameo. In the middle of the painting, behind a man in green and a guard with a metal helm, you can spot a faint figure, widely thought to be Rembrandt himself.

Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man is not just a study of human anatomy; it symbolizes the Renaissance belief in the harmony between art and science. But beyond the perfect proportions, keen observers have noted that the man depicted appears to suffer from an inguinal hernia—an ailment that could have been fatal at the time. Given that artists often used cadavers as models, it's likely that Leonardo based the figure on a real, deceased individual.

Klimt’s The Kiss is renowned for its use of gold leaf, evoking the sacred beauty of religious art found in churches. Some art historians even speculate that the lovers in the painting are not just symbolic figures, but a representation of Klimt himself and his long-time partner, fashion designer Emilie Flöge.

Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People uses the allegorical figure of Liberty to symbolize the spirit of revolution during France's July Revolution of 1830. However, the woman in the painting has a name—_Marianne_—a powerful symbol of the French Republic ever since the first French Revolution of 1789.

Van Gogh's Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear captures a deeply personal moment following the infamous incident in which he—allegedly—severed his own ear. However, some art historians now believe that the wound was in fact the product of an altercation with friend and fellow artist Paul Gauguin. A deft fencer, Gauguin might have acted in self-defense during a violent bout of psychosis of his friend.

Michelangelo’s David symbolizes strength and humanism, embodying both intellectual and physical power. While its proportions follow classical ideals, David’s unusually large head and oversized right hand stand out. Additionally, his heart-shaped pupils are a curious detail, possibly symbolizing his love for Florence or a playful nod to the letter "D," often depicted as a heart in Renaissance art.