Identity crisis

From Ceylon to Sri Lanka: when countries get a makeover

Image: pure julia

Countries rename themselves for many reasons—shedding colonial pasts, embracing local languages, or settling political disputes. Some changes are subtle, others dramatic, but each reflects deep historical, cultural, or geopolitical shifts. Here are 10 times a nation decided to swap out its old name for a new identity.

Image: Yves Alarie

In 1989, the ruling military junta of the country changed "Burma" to "Myanmar" to reflect what it said was a more inclusive, indigenous identity. The name "Burma" was strongly associated with British colonialism and the dominant Bamar ethnic group.

The UN and many countries recognized the change, but some, like the U.S. and UK, resisted for years as a political stance against the unelected military regime behind the change.

Image: S'mile Vilakati

In 2018, King Mswati III declared that Swaziland would become Eswatini, meaning "land of the Swazis" in the local language. He announced the change during the country’s 50th independence anniversary.

The king cited confusion with Switzerland and a desire to break with colonial-era names as reasons. Also, the new name had already been in unofficial use for years during local events.

Image: Hendrik Cornelissen

In 1972, the island nation officially changed its name from Ceylon to Sri Lanka after becoming a republic. "Sri Lanka" derives from Sanskrit, meaning "resplendent island."

The name "Ceylon" was tied to Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonial rule. However, some companies (like Ceylon Tea) still use the old name as a global brand.

Image: Kaysha

In 1997, after the dictatorial regime of Mobutu Sese Seko was overthrown, Zaire reverted to its pre-1971 name: the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

"Zaire" had been Mobutu’s attempt to Africanize the nation, but reverting to the original name also caused its own problems, since its neighbor is also named the Republic of the Congo, leading to some confusion for both locals and tourists.

Image: Ljupco Dzambazovski

After years of dispute with Greece over the name "Macedonia," the country officially became North Macedonia in 2019. Greece claimed "Macedonia" implied a territorial claim over its northern region of the same name.

The compromise unblocked North Macedonia’s path to NATO and EU talks. Though controversial domestically, the change ended a decades-long diplomatic standoff.

Image: allPhoto Bangkok

Under the Khmer Rouge regime, the country was known as Democratic Kampuchea. After the regime’s fall in 1979, the name gradually returned to "Cambodia," the anglicized form of the original name.

By 1993, with the monarchy restored and a new constitution, "Kingdom of Cambodia" became official. "Kampuchea" is still used in the Khmer language, but not internationally.

Image: Road Ahead

In 1984, revolutionary leader Thomas Sankara renamed Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, meaning "Land of Incorruptible People" in local languages. The old name referred to river tributaries of the region.

Sankara saw the change as a break from colonial legacy and a tribute to national dignity. The people became known as Burkinabé, a new term coined to reflect unity.

Image: Azhar J

This was more a rebranding than a true name change. "The Netherlands" has always been the country’s official name, whereas "Holland" refers only to two provinces. In 2020, the Dutch government stopped using "Holland" in international marketing to avoid confusion.

The change was part of a tourism and trade branding overhaul, with major events like Eurovision and the Olympics adopting "Netherlands" exclusively in their materials.

Image: Mathew Schwartz

In 1939, and again officially after WWII in 1949, the country dropped the name Siam to become Thailand, meaning "land of the free."

The change was mainly driven by a nationalist movement that sought to unify the country under a more inclusive Thai identity. While the name "Siam" carried some specific cultural connotations, the name "Thailand" emphasized sovereignty and the ethnic majority’s rule.

Image: Chloe Evans

In 1980, the unrecognized white minority government of Rhodesia was replaced, and the country became Zimbabwe, derived from "Great Zimbabwe," an ancient city of the region.

The old name honored British imperialist Cecil Rhodes. The new one reclaimed African history and identity after years of brutal conflict.

The truth lies beneath

What did President Bush mean by "Read my lips"? 11 phrases explained

Some quotations become so famous that they take on lives of their own. We repeat them in classrooms, movies, headlines, and everyday conversations, but sometimes without knowing what the speaker actually meant. Sometimes the original context gets lost, and sometimes popular myths overshadow the truth. These iconic phrases have endured for decades, even centuries, but their true meanings often surprise us. Did you know about the following 11?

George H. W. Bush delivered this memorable line while accepting the Republican presidential nomination in 1988. Written by speechwriter Peggy Noonan, it wasn't simply a catchy slogan, it was a firm campaign promise meant to reassure conservative voters that his administration would not raise taxes under any circumstances.

The phrase became famous for what happened next. Facing a growing federal deficit, Bush agreed to a bipartisan budget deal in 1990 that included tax increases. Many supporters viewed the move as a broken promise, and "Read my lips" has since become shorthand for political pledges that later prove impossible to keep.

Standing before Berlin's Brandenburg Gate in 1987, President Ronald Reagan addressed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev with what became one of the Cold War's defining lines. He wasn't literally ordering workers to demolish the Berlin Wall but challenging the Soviet Union to demonstrate that its promises of openness and reform were genuine.

Several advisers reportedly urged Reagan to remove the sentence from the speech because they feared it was too confrontational. He kept it anyway. Although the Berlin Wall fell two years later for many complex political reasons, the phrase remains a powerful symbol of freedom triumphing over division.

This famous sentence from John F. Kennedy's inaugural address is sometimes mistaken for a demand for unquestioning patriotism. In reality, Kennedy was encouraging Americans to become active participants in democracy rather than passive recipients of government benefits.

Delivered at the height of the Cold War, the speech called on citizens to serve their communities and country. The message inspired countless Americans to volunteer, including many who joined the newly created Peace Corps.

Martin Luther King Jr.'s words have become synonymous with hope, but the "dream" he described was remarkably specific. Speaking at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, King envisioned an America where the Constitution's promises of equality would finally apply to everyone, regardless of race.

The speech's most memorable section was not fully scripted. According to several accounts, gospel singer Mahalia Jackson encouraged King to "tell them about the dream," prompting him to set aside his prepared remarks and speak from the heart. Those improvised passages became some of history's most celebrated words.

Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke these famous words during his first inaugural address as the United States struggled through the Great Depression. Rather than offering generic encouragement, he argued that fear itself had become an economic force, causing bank runs, panic, and paralysis that only made the crisis worse.

Roosevelt believed restoring public confidence was essential to recovery. Within days, he declared a nationwide bank holiday and launched the first measures of what became the New Deal. His phrase has endured because it captures the powerful effect fear can have on people's decisions.

One of history's most persistent language myths claims that Kennedy accidentally said, "I am a jelly doughnut." In reality, German speakers clearly understood what he meant when he declared, "Ich bin ein Berliner" during a visit to West Berlin in 1963.

Kennedy was expressing solidarity with the isolated city's residents at one of the Cold War's tensest moments. Linguists have long dismissed the doughnut story as a misconception, while historians view the speech as a powerful demonstration of American support for West Berlin. Still, it was fun.

Richard Nixon uttered this famous denial during a televised press conference while the Watergate scandal dominated headlines. Although many people remember it as a blanket denial of wrongdoing, Nixon was specifically insisting that he had never personally profited illegally from holding public office.

The phrase quickly took on a life of its own. As investigations continued and evidence mounted, Nixon resigned less than a year later, making him the first U.S. president ever to do so. Today, the quote is remembered less for what Nixon intended than for the irony that history would attach to it.

Popular culture remembers the Apollo 13 crisis as "Houston, we have a problem." The actual transmission was slightly different. After an oxygen tank exploded aboard the spacecraft, astronaut Jack Swigert calmly radioed, "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here," with commander Jim Lovell repeating the report moments later.

The wording reflected that the emergency had already occurred rather than merely being discovered. The shorter version became famous after the 1995 film Apollo 13, but the original exchange remains one of the best-known examples of calm professionalism.

Neil Armstrong's first words on the Moon are among history's most quoted sentences, but one tiny word has sparked decades of debate. Armstrong always insisted he said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind," even though the article "a" is almost impossible to hear in the recording.

The distinction matters because without it, both halves of the sentence mean nearly the same thing. Audio experts have analyzed the recording for years without reaching complete agreement.

Patrick Henry's dramatic declaration is often imagined as a battlefield cry, but it was actually delivered during a political debate at Virginia's Second Convention in March 1775. Henry argued that peaceful negotiations with Britain had failed and that the colonies needed to prepare for armed resistance.

Interestingly, no verbatim transcript exists. The famous wording was reconstructed decades later by biographer William Wirt, using recollections from witnesses, although historians cannot confirm every word.

At first glance, Theodore Roosevelt's famous advice sounds aggressive, but it actually promotes restraint. Roosevelt believed successful diplomacy begins with calm negotiation, while credible strength remains available in the background if peaceful efforts fail.

He said the phrase reflected an old West African proverb, although historians have never found evidence that such a proverb existed before Roosevelt popularized it. Regardless of its origin, the expression became permanently associated with his approach to foreign policy and remains a familiar shorthand for negotiating from a position of strength.