Calendar mysteries

Were you born on this rare date? Only 1 in 1,461 people were

Most of us think we know the calendar pretty well, and if we don’t, our phones are there to remind us of dates and events. But the way humans measure the passage of time hasn’t always been the same. From the origins of month names to the truth behind leap years, today we’re going to share 10 surprising facts you probably didn’t know about the calendar.

The probability of being born on February 29 is 1 in 1,461. Although birthdays on this date are rare, people born on it even have a name: leaplings. Leaplings officially get to celebrate their birthday on February 29 only once every four years, but what happens in the other years? While some people prefer not to jump to another month, March 1st is considered more astronomically accurate, as it comes directly after February 28.

The Earth’s orbit is elliptical, which means there are times when we are closer to the Sun and other times when we are farther away. In January, Earth is at its closest point to the Sun, known as "perihelion." You might wonder how we can be closer to the Sun during winter, but the seasons are caused by Earth’s tilt, not by our distance from the Sun. On the other hand, the month when we are farthest from the Sun is July, and this point in the orbit is called "aphelion."

Due to its particularly short duration, February is the only month that can lack a full moon. Lunar cycles are 29.5 days long, which means that, approximately every 19 years, February has all the lunar phases except the full moon. When this happens, both January and March have two full moons, with the second one being called a "Blue Moon"; and that's why, when we say "once in a blue moon," we're talking about something that happens very rarely. The next time this will happen will be in the year 2037.

Did you know that our calendar has a name? That’s right; most of the world uses the Gregorian calendar, named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in 1582 as a reform of the older system.

The main difference lies in how leap years are handled. The previous system, known as the Julian calendar, added a leap year every four years, assuming a year lasted exactly 365.25 days. However, a real solar year is slightly shorter. To fix this, the Gregorian calendar keeps leap years every four years with one exception: century years (like 1900) are not leap years unless they are divisible by 400 (such as 2000).

But before the Julian calendar, ancient Rome used an even older system with one key difference: it had only 10 months. This calendar began in March and ended in December, totaling just 304 days. What about the remaining days? They were considered a winter gap and simply weren’t counted. Around 700 BC, January and February were added to fill that gap, and these changes were later standardized under Julius Caesar’s reform in 45 BC, when he introduced the Julian calendar.

The names also come directly from life in ancient Rome, where months were named in honor of deities and important festivities. For example, March was named Martius after Mars, the god of war, because it marked the start of the military campaigning season. Aprilis, the Roman name for April, comes from the Latin verb aperire, meaning "to open," in reference to the arrival of spring. May was named Maius after Maia, the goddess of fertility and growth, and June was named Iunius in honor of Juno, the Roman goddess of marriage.

What about the rest of the months? From July through December, they were originally named after their position in the year. Since March was considered the first month, July was called Quintilis ("the fifth"), August was Sextilis ("the sixth"), September comes from septem, meaning "seven" in Latin, October from octo ("eight"), November from novem ("nine"), and December from decem ("ten").

Most of these names remained similar, with two exceptions: Quintilis was renamed Iulius to honor Julius Caesar after his death, and Sextilis became Augustus, in honor of Augustus Caesar, the first Roman emperor.

The days of the week are no exception to Roman tradition. Sunday was named dies Solis ("day of the Sun"), Monday was dies Lunae ("day of the Moon"), Tuesday was called dies Martis (day of Mars), Wednesday dies Mercurii (day of Mercury), Thursday dies Iovis (day of Jupiter), Friday dies Veneris (day of Venus), and finally, Saturday was dies Saturni (day of Saturn).

As you may have noticed, only Saturday retained its Roman root, while Sunday and Monday kept their meaning but were translated. What happened to the rest? They were influenced by Norse mythology, resulting in Tuesday being named for Tyr, a Norse god of war; Wednesday after Woden (Odin), the Norse interpretation of Mercury; Thursday from Thor, the god of thunder, replacing Jupiter; and Friday from Freya, a Norse goddess linked to the Roman Venus.

In the United States, Sunday is considered the start of the week. This tradition has religious and cultural roots, and it’s shared by many parts of the world, but not all of them. In fact, several other English-speaking countries do it differently: places like England, Australia, and parts of Canada consider Monday the first day of the week, with Sunday closing it out.

Would you change your name?

Surely, Vin Diesel is not a real name, is it? 12 famous names explained

Image: Ainur Iman

A great name can take you a long way in show business—but alas, not everyone is blessed with a glamorous or even interesting birth name. These 12 talented individuals decided to change their real names to something that—at least to them—sounded better suited for their purposes. Did you already know any of these?

Image: Noah Näf

While it may surprise some that certain celebrities don’t use their real names, others are quite obviously fabricated. Lady Gaga’s parents gave their daughter the more traditional name Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta.

Her friends later nicknamed her "Gaga," inspired by a lyric from the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga," which reminded them of her musical style—and the name stuck.

Image: ZENG YILI

The West Coast rapper was born Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr., but he grew up in a family that called him Snoopy because they thought he bore a resemblance to the animated beagle cartoon character. When Calvin launched his music career, the nickname stuck.

Image: Chase Fade

Back in the early days of rap music, a young James Todd began calling himself LL Cool J —short for "Ladies Love Cool James"— in hopes of making a name for himself. As fame eventually found him, the name became his signature.

Image: Joey Banks

As you might have guessed, Vin Diesel’s parents didn’t name him that way but, instead, Mark Sinclair. Mark began going by his stage name while working as a bouncer at a New York nightclub, wanting a tougher-sounding name for his job.

Image: BRUNO CERVERA

Eric Marlon Bishop decided to change his name to a unisex one upon entering the stand-up comedy business. He thought that women performers got more chances than men, and if his name sounded female, his chances of being called were greater. Right or wrong, the strategy worked, and he became famous in the end.

Image: Johannes Plenio

When Alicia Augello Cook was searching for the perfect stage name, she turned to the dictionary for inspiration. She was drawn to the word "Keys" because it reminded her of her favorite instrument, the piano — and because keys open many doors.

Image: Lisa

Nicolas Kim Coppola changed his name to avoid being associated with his famous uncle, director Francis Ford Coppola. He chose "Cage" as a tribute to two of his inspirations: Marvel Comics’ Luke Cage, a character he admired, and avant-garde composer John Cage.

Image: Janine Robinson

This one is pretty straightforward: the phonetic pronunciation of Marshall Mathers’ initials —"M.M."— is, you guessed it, Eminem.

Image: Madie Hamilton

Granted, the name does sound exotic to begin with—but the real meaning is even stranger. "Shia" means "praise God" in Hebrew, and "LaBeouf" means "beef." So, this actor’s name quite literally means "Praise God for beef."

Image: Gabriel Gurrola

Stevie may be a wonder when it comes to singing and playing the piano, but he wasn’t born with that name. His real name is Stevland Hardaway Judkins. When he signed with Motown in 1961, his surname was legally changed to Morris, an old family name.

He adopted the stage name Stevie Wonder because people were astounded by his talent and called him "a little wonder."

Image: Church of the King

As we’ve seen so far, some names are just too great to be real—and that’s certainly the case with Queen Latifah, who was born Dana Elaine Owens. In her own words, she chose her stage name because "Latifah" means "delicate and very kind" in Arabic, and she liked the juxtaposition of that softness with the boldness of "Queen."

Image: Rosa Rafael

Taylor Swift’s real name is, indeed, Taylor Swift—and it was chosen because her parents were big James Taylor fans. As James himself once said: "It’s hugely flattering and was a delightful surprise when she told me that. Obviously, it wasn’t her choice; it was her mom and dad, but a great connection, I think."