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From “Well met” to “Hi”: Learn 10 historic greetings

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If you’ve ever found yourself awkwardly wondering how to greet someone, you’re not alone. The way Americans say "hello" has evolved over the centuries, shifting from stiff, almost royal phrases to today’s casual "yo" or even an emoji. Take a look at how greetings have evolved from the bowing and tipping hats era to the casual texting most of us use today.

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An archaic greeting that was perfectly normal a couple of centuries ago, "good morrow" was used in the same sense as good morning. The word "morrow" was used as a synonym for morning.

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This expression dates back to the medieval period, when it was used as a friendly greeting. It comes from the idea of "good to meet you," with meet carrying its older sense of "fitting" or "suitable" for a given situation.

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Quite possibly the most globally recognized greeting, the handshake symbolizes trust and equality. In Ancient Greece, it was used to show that neither person was armed.

Today, handshakes are ubiquitous in professional and diplomatic settings around the world, with small cultural variations in their execution.

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An old equivalent of "What’s up?", this expression is now encountered more often in P. G. Wodehouse novels than in everyday life. Cheerful and slightly old-fashioned, "What ho!" was a common greeting in the early 20th century.

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A solemn greeting mostly used in East Asian cultures, bowing is especially significant in Japan, Korea, and parts of China. It signifies humility and respect. In Japan, a lower bow indicates a higher level of respect, while a quick nod is more casual​.

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This curious phrase may derive either from the nautical sense of trick ("a turn at duty") or from the card game term trick. Once considered a rough or rustic expression—more suited to sailors and common folk—it simply meant "How are you doing?"

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An air kiss is a greeting where cheeks touch lightly, but lips do not. It is common in many parts of Europe and Latin America. In France, the number of kisses varies by region, with anywhere from two to four being customary, while in Spain and Italy, two is the norm.

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What sounds like a cowboy greeting to many of us is, in fact, a portmanteau—a word formed by combining and shortening other words. In this case, it comes from "How Do You Do." The expression is meant to inquire about someone’s health.

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One of the most common greetings in the English language, "hello," has been in use since the early 1800s.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is a variation of "hallo," which originates from the Old High German term halâ, originally used to hail a ferryman.

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Although more associated with modern times, this greeting has been in use since the mid-1800s. It was originally used to attract attention, rather than to greet someone, but it eventually acquired the meaning used today.

Famous last words: Discover the 11 best final lines in literature

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Some book endings have a way of lingering, long after the last page has turned. A single closing line can hum in your mind like a familiar tune. Whether it speaks of lost dreams, endless seas, or the stubborn heartbeat of hope, these mysterious and powerful final words prove that truly great stories don’t just stop; they stay, echoing softly through time.

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Few lines have rippled through American literature quite like this one: "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past." This ethereal sentence, a meditation on human longing, manages to convey the characters’ struggles perfectly.

Believe it or not, Fitzgerald nearly left it out—early drafts of The Great Gatsby ended on a very different note. Yet, with these beautiful words, he transformed the story of the enigmatic millionaire from a tale of heartbreak into something eternal.

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Before there were rebels without causes, there was Huck Finn: "I reckon I got to light out for the Territory ahead of the rest…" Mark Twain doesn’t tie a neat bow but leaves the ending wide open. Huck turns his back on "sivilization," a word as bent as his grin, and slips into the great unknown. No plans, no apologies, just the irresistible pull of freedom. The novel ends, but Huck’s journey keeps running, wild and unpaved, reminding us that sometimes the bravest choice is to keep moving.

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Long before anyone dreamed of "sci-fi," a teenage Mary Shelley was already writing the future. At just 18, she envisioned a lost creature: "He was soon borne away by the waves and lost in darkness and distance." The final line in Frankenstein doesn’t end a story so much as it dissolves it, like breath disappearing into the cold. Shelley’s closing image is both haunting and tender, a vision of creation undone by loneliness. As the monster drifts into the Arctic night, we’re left not with horror, but with a strange, aching sorrow.

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Ever stumble upon a book that refuses to finish? James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake does exactly that. Its last line, "A way a lone a last a loved a long the…" stops mid-thought, looping seamlessly into the novel’s opening words. It’s less an ending than a perfect circle, a dream with no edges. Reading it feels like chasing meaning through fog: slippery, rhythmic, and strange. Do these words sound like an incomprehensible linguistic puzzle to you? Don't worry, it happens even to the brightest minds! Scholars have spent decades trying to unravel its logic, and many admit they still haven’t cracked it.

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Margaret Atwood closes The Handmaid’s Tale not with a scream, but with an invitation to reflect: "Are there any questions?" The effect is eerie and brilliant: history has moved on, and so it seems humanity has as well. The story doesn’t end in despair, but in endurance. Even after oppression, there’s someone left to ask questions, and with some luck, there’s someone else to listen to the uncomfortable answer.

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Holden Caulfield’s final words drift out like a sigh: "Don’t tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody." It’s the quietest kind of heartbreak, the kind you only recognize when it’s too late. After pages of rants and sarcastic honesty, he finally admits the cost of connection. The boy who couldn’t stop talking suddenly wishes he’d said less. It’s cynicism hiding loneliness, contradiction at its purest. In that single line, the troubled teenager in The Catcher in the Rye grows up just enough to realize he’s still lost.

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After wrestling the sea and his own limits, the old man drifts into sleep. "The old man was dreaming about the lions", the narrator says. The line is pure Hemingway: stripped of ornament, yet shimmering with meaning. Those lions aren’t just a memory; they’re his soul returning to its wild beginnings, to the freedom of youth and the fierce joy of being alive. The Old Man and the Sea ends not in loss, but in quiet transcendence: the sea may have taken the fish, but not the dream.

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In a quiet farm, amid hunger and dust, there’s hope: "She looked up and across the barn, and her lips came together and smiled mysteriously." After pages heavy with struggle, John Steinbeck chooses not to end in despair. It isn’t quite triumph, not even resolution, but something more enduring. In the smallest gesture of kindness, he plants the seed of survival. The Grapes of Wrath closes with a sort of beginning where recovery is possible, even in ruin.

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"After all, tomorrow is another day", says Scarlett O’Hara, with her characteristic stubborn optimism, at the end of Gone With the Wind. With this short but forceful line, one of America’s most beloved characters claims her place in literary legend.

Margaret Mitchell’s indomitable heroine refuses to surrender, brushing off heartbreak, war, and ruin with pure grit. For readers of the 1930s, still weathering the Great Depression, her words struck a deep chord. They spoke to an entire nation’s belief that no matter how dark the present feels, there’s always a sunrise waiting on the horizon.

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What if the rebel you admire ends up embracing the very thing he fought against? Orwell’s chilling last line, "He loved Big Brother," is a gut punch. In six words, he captures the quiet horror of total surrender. The man who once defied authority now worships it, his spirit broken and his will erased. With these words, George Orwell expresses how fear and control can reshape the human soul. Decades later, the final line of 1984 still echoes like a cautionary tale: the greatest danger isn’t losing your freedom, but forgetting what freedom feels like.

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The final words in Moby-Dick roll like thunder, heavy with salt and sorrow, as if the sea itself were writing its own eulogy. "Now small fowls flew screaming over the yet yawning gulf…" describes Herman Melville at the end of a tale that depicts the futility of human pride against nature’s boundless power. When the waves finally close over Ahab’s doomed ship, they seem to erase everything—ambition, vengeance, even memory—reminding us that the ocean, vast and ancient, always has the last word.