Beyond the stones

Fast food in Ancient Rome? 10 great things we inherited from the Romans

Image: Sébastien Jermer

According to history books, Rome fell more than 1,500 years ago, but it can be easily argued that the Empire's influence never truly waned. Beyond its majestic ruins, Rome left a legacy so intertwined with our modern world that we often fail to recognize how many of our daily conveniences stem from their unique vision and innovation. From public sanitation to bureaucracy, here are 10 surprising ways the Roman Empire continues to shape our lives today.

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The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, forms the backbone of our modern Gregorian calendar system. While it has been modified by Pope Gregory XIII (hence the name "Gregorian"), the basic structure—365 days with leap years—remained.

Even the names of our months are derived from Roman months, which is most evident in months like July and August, which honor the early rulers Julius Caesar and Augustus. Moreover, Rome's efforts to standardize time laid the foundation for modern global timekeeping.

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Bizarrely, the standard width of modern American railways can be traced back to Roman chariot paths. These ancient roads set a standard gauge of 4 feet, 8.5 inches, which were used extensively across the empire.

Since much of the road infrastructure built in Great Britain was only improved upon by the following rulers, the same width was preserved long after the Roman Empire fell for fear of breaking the wheels of carriages, and it eventually became the basis for railroads.

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Concrete is so ubiquitous in modern architecture that it’s hard to believe it was invented over a thousand years ago. Roman concrete, or opus caementicium, was a revolutionary formula—a mix of volcanic ash with lime and water— which produced materials so durable that they have withstood millennia.

In fact, Roman concrete may have been even stronger and more resilient than our modern version. The inclusion of calcium carbonate chunks and unique mixing techniques gave it remarkable self-healing properties, allowing the material to repair cracks over time, further enhancing its durability.

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The Romans invented the hypocaust system, an early form of central heating. By circulating hot air beneath the floors and walls of public baths and homes, they ensured warmth and comfort, especially during cold winters. The system was so efficient that it could easily provide heat for hundreds of people at once.

Unfortunately, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, heating reverted to more primitive fireplaces for nearly a thousand years. However, the technology lived on and eventually became the precursor to today’s underfloor heating systems.

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Rome’s sanitation systems were ahead of their time, featuring flushing toilets connected to complex sewer networks like the Cloaca Maxima (amusing name, we know). These innovations helped reduce disease and improve public health, a rare luxury in ancient times.

In fact, major cities like London did not have adequate sewage systems until 1875! The city only undertook this massive engineering challenge after untreated sewage in the Thames rendered it nearly uninhabitable, which goes to show just how advanced Roman sanitation systems were.

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Not even what we might consider the pinnacle of modern conveniences—fast food—is immune to Roman influence. In fact, Romans loved their street food. Thermopolia, the ancient Roman equivalent of fast-food shops, served hot meals to busy citizens on the go.

These establishments were a common sight in cities, offering quick and affordable meals. Even more, some historians suggest that they might have had burgers, or at least a similar type of meat sandwich called Isicia Omentata. This dish featured spicy minced pork seasoned with fish sauce and was often served in plain bread buns.

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Romans were no strangers to advertising. Merchants used signs, slogans, and symbols to promote their goods. Mosaics with company logos and distinctive designs served as early trademarks and have been frequently found in well-preserved archaeological sites such as Pompeii.

Hospices and inns also relied on advertising to inform travelers about their services, sometimes even noting that they served food "Roman style." Moreover, wealthy Romans often used advertising for political purposes, funding slogans to be painted on buildings or even commissioning caricatures of their political enemies.

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Graffiti was everywhere in ancient Rome, from political messages to love notes. But just like in modern times, Romans frequently used graffiti humorously, sometimes leaving rude remarks, explicit drawings, or just commenting ironically on daily life.

But graffiti could also be more innocent, featuring simple pictures or even games (picture a chalk tic-tac-toe on a wall). Despite the centuries that separate us, their sense of humor was not so different from ours, and graffiti has been invaluable to historians and archaeologists in reconstructing daily life in Roman times.

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Romans didn’t just build cities—they meticulously planned them. They pioneered grid layouts with organized streets and distinct zones for residential, commercial, and public spaces. These urban planning innovations have influenced modern city design, where very similar urbanization plans are still used to build and expand.

While the city itself is not a Roman invention, of course, Roman designs shaped how we conceive of urban spaces today. Their approach to planning ensured that cities were functional, efficient, and navigable, setting a standard that continues to guide modern urban development.

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Whether you see it as a gift or a burden, there is no doubt that Roman bureaucracy has left a lasting legacy. Rome’s complex system of governance required extensive bureaucracy. And they were among the first to implement systematic and detailed record-keeping, tax collection, and legal systems.

In particular, the Roman army was highly bureaucratic; something as simple as a stock check or a food order often required paperwork in triplicate before it could be authorized! But in any case, this meticulous record-keeping is a major reason we have such detailed knowledge about Roman times today.

Context matters

10 dangerous words that can make you say the opposite of what you mean

Imagine telling someone you were carefully supervising a project, only for them to think you completely forgot about it. Or saying you dusted the furniture, and someone isn't sure whether you cleaned it or covered it with powder. It sounds weird, but in English, it happens more often than you might think. Most of us know that many words have more than one meaning, but some English words do something even stranger: they can mean the exact opposite of themselves. These linguistic oddities are called contronyms, and once you know them, you'll start noticing them everywhere. Here are 10 surprising examples that can completely change the meaning of what you're trying to say.

Sometimes the context makes the meaning obvious, but not always. Imagine a baker telling an assistant to "dust the counter." Does that mean wipe the flour off or sprinkle more flour on it? Surprisingly, it could mean either one.

The verb "dust" comes from the Old English noun dūst, meaning fine powder, and it's one of English's best-known contronyms, words with two opposite meanings. Depending on the situation, "dust" can mean to remove fine particles from a surface or to cover something with fine particles, such as flour, powdered sugar, or even fingerprints for forensic analysis. The word doesn’t change; only the context can tell you which meaning is intended.

We all know "fast" as the word for something that moves quickly. But hidden inside this everyday word is a surprising twist: it's also a true contronym.

Today, "fast" can describe something moving at high speed, or something that can't move at all. But how? It makes a lot more sense once you know where the word comes from. This adjective traces back to the Old English fæst, meaning "firm," "fixed," or "secure." A sprinter can be "a fast runner," while a sailor might say, "Make the rope fast to the dock," meaning to secure it firmly in place.

If you read the headline: "The board voted to sanction the company’s project," did they punish it or approve the idea? It turns out, either interpretation could be correct.

That's because "sanction" is one of English's most confusing contronyms. It can mean "to impose a penalty," but it can also mean "to officially approve or authorize something." The clue lies in the word's history: it comes from the Latin sanctio, meaning a decree or law, which could either establish a rule or prescribe a penalty for breaking one. So if you hear that "The city council sanctioned the new downtown street market," you'll have to rely on the context to know whether the market just got the green light or landed in trouble.

At first glance, "oversight" sounds like an ordinary noun, but don't let it fool you; it has two opposite meanings. It can mean careful supervision, as in "The project was completed under the oversight of senior engineers." Or it can indicate an accidental mistake or omission, as in "Leaving your name off the application was an oversight." But how did that happen?

The answer lies in two closely related verbs. The first meaning is related to the verb "oversee," which means to supervise or watch over. The second is often linked to "overlook," meaning to fail to notice something. That's why a sentence like "The directors are responsible for the oversight of the company's financial operations" could refer to both.

If you read "The chef seeded the peppers for the recipe," you might wonder: what did the chef actually do? This everyday verb can mean two opposite actions.

The word "seed" comes from the Old English sǣd, which ultimately traces back to the ancient Proto-Indo-European root seh- meaning "to sow." Over time, English developed two opposite uses for the verb: to plant or add seeds and, on the contrary, to remove seeds. So, depending on the context, our sentence could mean the chef was planting pepper seeds for future recipes, or preparing peppers by taking their seeds out before cooking.

Have you ever noticed that "to screen" can mean two completely different things? It can suggest to display or project, as in "to screen a movie," but it can also mean to hide or protect, as in "to screen the porch to keep insects out." How is this possible?

"Screen" comes from Old French escren, which came from Germanic roots meaning a cover or shelter. Originally, a screen was something that blocked, protected, or concealed, but with the rise of cinema in the early 20th century, the word took on a surprising new meaning: the screen that once blocked light became the surface that received light and displayed images.

What would you think if a friend told you they had been "trimming the tree for the holidays"? Did they decorate it with ornaments, or were they cutting some of the branches?

That’s the unexpected thing about the verb "trim": it can mean both to remove something extra, as in "He trimmed the fat from the steak," and to add decorative details, as in "They trimmed the Christmas tree with lights." Once again, the reason goes back to the word’s origins. "Trim" comes from the Old English verb trymman, meaning to make firm, strengthen, or prepare. Over time, the idea of "preparing" something developed in two directions: making it neat by cutting away what was unnecessary and making it complete by adding finishing touches.

We use the word "rent" all the time, but without context, it can leave us wondering who is paying whom?

That’s because the verb "rent" can mean to pay to use something temporarily or, conversely, to allow someone else to use something in exchange for payment. The word comes from Old French rente ("income" or "revenue"), connected to the idea of payment. Over time, English simply expanded the verb in both directions, creating a word whose meaning depends entirely on who is taking the action. For example, if someone says, "I need to rent a tuxedo for the wedding," it’s pretty clear they want one temporarily. But if someone says, "The company rents office space," things become less obvious: are they paying to use the space, or are they making money by leasing it to others?

Although the verb "cleave" is not very common in everyday conversation, it is one of English’s best examples of contronyms. It can mean to split apart, as in "The axe cleaved the log in half," or to cling tightly, as in "She cleaved to her family during difficult times."

What makes this word even more unusual is that these opposite meanings did not evolve from a shared origin. Instead, they came from two completely different Old English words that eventually merged into one spelling. The first meaning comes from clēofan, meaning to split, separate, or divide. The second comes from clifian and clīfan, meaning "to stick, cling, or remain attached." Over centuries, these unrelated words ended up as the same modern English word, while keeping their opposite meanings.

The word "ravel" is another fascinating contronym that can mean to tangle or become knotted, as in "The fishing line became raveled around the hook," and to untangle or solve, as in "To ravel a mystery."

What makes "ravel" especially interesting is that it was already carrying both meanings before it entered English. The word comes from the 1580s Dutch ravelen or rafelen, which meant "to fray," "to unravel," and "to tangle." When English borrowed the word, it inherited both ideas at the same time. The reason for this double meaning comes from the world of textiles. When fabric begins to unravel, loose threads don’t simply separate; they often twist, knot, and become tangled. In a way, the same process can create both disorder and the path toward undoing it.