Fake news in the Middle Ages: 10 legends that stand the test of time

Before dark web conspiracy theories, people had the tavern. Information in the Middle Ages traveled slowly, mutating with every retelling. What we now call urban legends back then were terrifying theological myths that thousands accepted as facts. Discover ten of the most famous medieval legends that shaped the worldview of Europe for centuries.

In the mid-13th century, there was a rumor that a woman had successfully disguised herself as a man, climbed the ranks of the Catholic Church, and reigned as Pope for several years in the 9th century.

According to the legend, John Anglicus was in fact an exceptionally brilliant English woman who mastered theology. Her secret was supposedly uncovered during a papal procession through Rome, when she went into sudden labor and gave birth right in the middle of the street. While modern historians believe the story is just satire or folklore, it was widely accepted as historical truth during the late Middle Ages.

The urban legend of a noble outlaw who outsmarted the corrupt sheriff of Nottingham and stole from the rich to give to the poor began circulating in oral ballads around the 14th century.

Modern audiences know him as a cheerful hero in green tights, but early medieval versions of Robin were much grittier, violent, and anti-clerical. Historians have spent centuries looking through court records trying to find a definitive Robin Hood. Most conclude he was a complex figure, the medieval manifestation of rebellion against an unfair system.

Originating in the late 12th century through the French romances of Chrétien de Troyes, the Grail was described as the sacred chalice used by Jesus Christ at the Last Supper, and later used to collect his blood during the Crucifixion.

The legend claimed that this vessel possessed miraculous healing powers, granted eternal youth, and provided infinite food. It became an obsession across Western Europe. Knights and nobles genuinely believed the Grail was hidden somewhere in a secluded castle, waiting for a perfectly pure warrior to find it.

Did a heroic king once rule Britain from a golden castle called Camelot, surrounded by a Round Table of knights? The legend of Arthur was popularized in the 1130s by Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of Britain, a mixture of vague fragments of real 5th-century Celtic warlords and doses of pure fiction.

Arthur became the gold standard for medieval chivalry. The urban legend expanded to include his magical sword Excalibur, the wizard Merlin, and the tragic betrayal by his queen, Guinevere. The myth was so powerful that English monarchs, including Edward I, used Arthurian imagery to legitimize their rule, even claiming to have discovered Arthur’s tomb at Glastonbury Abbey in 1191.

The idea of a magical spring capable of reversing aging and curing all sickness is an ancient one, but it became a dominant urban legend during the Middle Ages. The myth was blown up by the Alexander Romance, a fictionalized collection of stories about Alexander the Great that circulated in Europe at the time.

According to these tales, Alexander and his armies searched for the "Water of Life" on the outer edges of the known world. Medieval travelers and mapmakers speculated that this fountain existed somewhere in India or the mythical lands of the East. This legend laid the groundwork that, centuries later, would drive Spanish explorers like Juan Ponce de León to hunt for it in the Americas.

Medieval life was deeply preoccupied with sin, demonic temptation, and the supernatural. When people experienced terrifying nightmares or sleep paralysis, they didn’t have modern psychology to explain it. Instead, they blamed the incubus and succubus.

An incubus was a male demon believed to prey upon sleeping women, while a succubus was a female demon that seduced men. These entities weren’t just folklore, they appeared in serious medieval theological texts. Church scholars even argued about how these demons operated, warning that they could steal human material to create monstrous offspring.

Following the Assyrian conquest of the Kingdom of Israel in the 8th century BCE, ten of the twelve Jewish tribes vanished from the biblical narrative. In the Middle Ages, this historical mystery became a geopolitical urban legend.

European Christians and Jews alike shared the thought that the Ten Lost Tribes were living out past the edges of the mapped world. They were said to be trapped behind the mythical Sambation River, a river made of stones and sand that only stopped flowing on the Sabbath. A major component of this legend was the fear or hope that these millions of hidden warriors would one day cross the river.

The Wandering Jew is one of the most tragic urban legends of the time, first appearing in written European chronicles around the 13th century. The story goes that a Jewish shoemaker or guardsman named Cartaphilus (or Ahasuerus in later versions) taunted Jesus as he carried his cross to Calvary, telling him to hurry up. Jesus supposedly replied: "I am going, but you will wait until I return."

As a result, the man was cursed with immortality and doomed to walk the earth without rest until the Second Coming of Christ. Throughout the Middle Ages, people across Europe claimed to have met this sorrowful traveler, describing him as a knowledgeable man who spoke every language.

In the year 1212, a wave of religious hysteria swept through France and Germany. The resulting story became one of the most heartbreaking urban legends of the era: the Children’s Crusade. The popular tale stated that thousands of unarmed children, inspired by visions, marched toward the Mediterranean Sea, believing the waters would part for them so they could peacefully reclaim Jerusalem. When the sea failed to part, corrupt merchants supposedly loaded them onto ships and sold them into slavery in North Africa.

Beginning in the mid-12th century, rumors spread of Prester John, a wealthy Christian king who ruled a utopian empire somewhere in the heart of Asia or Africa.

The legend reached a peak when a forged letter, supposedly written by Prester John himself, circulated among European monarchs. The letter described a kingdom with rivers filled with gold, the Fountain of Youth, and a mirror through which the king could see his entire empire. During the Crusades, European armies hoped that Prester John’s legions would march from the East to save them.

Do you use any of these often?

Do you know how to spell these ridiculously difficult spelling bee words?

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As great as it is, the English language can be tricky. If all of its words were easy to spell, there would be no spelling bee contests. But they do exist. The downside of having words for almost everything is that the level of complexity usually grows as the word becomes more specific. Take a look at the following 12. Do you use any of these?

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This tricky word means "indigenous" or "native" and often trips people up. Its Greek origin, length, and three "th" sounds make it a tough one in spelling bees.

A good idea for children looking to master complicated words is to get familiar with Greek-derived words and their patterns, such as "auto," meaning self.

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A tricky medical term used to define a drug replacement, this word throws spellers off with its double "c" and odd suffix. Remembering the root "succeed" can help with the start.

As not all double letters are pronounced differently from single ones, this is one of the biggest challenges anyone at a spelling bee contest faces.

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"Cymotrichous" is a rare word that means wavy-haired and comes from the Greek language.

The spelling bee aficionado should remember that the first part, "cymo", means wave, and the second part, "trichous," means hair.

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This incredibly complicated word, one of the longest in the English language, means describing something as worthless. It often stumps spellers with its length and complexity.

To tackle it successfully, break it into smaller parts and take it syllable by syllable.

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This long word refers to an ear, nose, and throat specialist. Its Greek roots and length make it tough to spell.

A spelling aficionado should break it into parts like "oto," "rhino," "laryngo," and "logist" to make it easier.

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This word describes a musical term. It is a sixty-fourth note and is tough due to its length and structure.

To make it easier on themselves, spelling bee contestants should break it into parts: "hemi," "demi," and "semi."

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Asceticism means avoiding indulgences or temptations, often for religious reasons. It’s about living simply and with discipline.

While not as long as some of the previous examples, this word can be tricky due to the "sc" at the start and the use of "s" and "c" within different syllables of the word.

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Crustaceology is the study of crustaceans like crabs and shrimp. It’s a branch of marine biology.

As with many of the examples above, the spelling difficulty of this word is given by the fact that it is very seldom used, unless you are a specialist in the matter.

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The word hydrophyte refers to a plant that grows in or on water. These plants thrive in aquatic environments.

The complexity of its spelling lies in the two "y" and two "h" letters, which should be placed correctly by the spellers.

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This word is used to describe the specific items needed for an activity. It’s often misspelled because of how people pronounce it.

This common mistake happens when it is pronounced "para-fa-NEEL-ia," dropping the second "r" and changing the vowel sounds. Spellers should pay attention to this to avoid the same mistake.

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This word can refer either to a county in England or a tangy sauce made with vinegar, sugar, and spices.

It’s tricky because it’s pronounced "wu-stur-shr," which doesn’t really match its long spelling. Anyone attempting to spell it correctly should pay attention to its complex lettering.

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This ridiculously complex word is an apt closer to our list, since it describes the fear of long words. And, while probably no spelling bee contestant has this kind of fear, he or she would probably have a hard time spelling this one.

This word has 36 letters in total. Among them, 6 "p", 7 "o", and 2 "h". How’s that for a spelling bee word?