Ye olde!

Do you know what the Old English word for love is? Not what you'd expect!

When people think about "Old English," they usually picture Shakespeare—all those thees, thous, and haths. But in reality, Shakespeare wrote in Early Modern English, which is practically current compared to the real thing. True Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) was spoken more than a millennium ago. It’s the language of Beowulf, filled with vivid, metaphorical words that describe the world in ways we’ve almost entirely forgotten. To understand the DNA of our modern vocabulary, we have to look back past the Renaissance to a time when the body could be described as a "bone-locker" and destiny was an inescapable force. Here are 10 Old English terms that reveal the epic, haunting roots of some of the words we use today.

In Old English, wyrd wasn't an adjective for something "strange"; it was a powerful noun representing the inescapable force of destiny. The Anglo-Saxons believed that while a person had some agency, the ultimate weaving of their life was handled by forces beyond their control. In that sense, wyrd could be translated as "the way things are meant to be." This is where Shakespeare got the "Weird Sisters" in Macbeth—they weren't just odd; they were the "Fates."

The Anglo-Saxons were masters of the "kenning," a compound expression with metaphorical meaning. Banloca literally translates to "bone-locker." It paints the human body not as a temple, but as a sturdy enclosure designed to keep your skeleton and spirit from wandering off. Interesting, don’t you think?

If you’ve ever woken up at 4:00 a.m. and immediately started stressing about every mistake you’ve made since the third grade, you’ve experienced úhtcearu. Úht refers to the hour just before dawn, and cearu means "care" or "sorrow." In other words, it describes pre-dawn anxiety or what we might jokingly call the "3:00 a.m. scaries."

This is a word you might find in an epic like Beowulf and would have been the ultimate Anglo-Saxon compliment. Beadu means "battle," and rof means "strong" or "valiant." It describes a very specific type of courage, the kind that flourishes only when the swords are drawn. To make it easier for modern readers, today it would translate into "battle-brave." Back then, it was the highest form of social currency.

This is the direct ancestor of our modern word "love." While it sounds cute and fluffy now, the Old English lufu carried a weight of duty, affection, or religious devotion (such as the love of God). It shared roots with the Old High German lubo, emphasizing a deep, enduring bond rather than just a fleeting crush. It really took centuries to evolve into the lighthearted "love" we use today, even for pizza or hobbies.

Another brilliant kenning, heofon-candel, is a very poetic compound word. Heofon means "heaven" and candel, "candle." The Anglo-Saxons saw the sun as a guiding light placed in the sky by a higher power. The phrase suggests that the sun is a gift, a light set out in the house of the world by a divine creator.

Did you ever have a dream that felt ominous or strangely significant? While we use the word "dream" today, the Anglo-Saxons had a more accurate term for those prophetic kinds of dreams, swefn. The word is related to other Germanic terms associated with sleep, such as Old English swefan ("to sleep"). Yet, to them, a swefn wasn't just a random brain-firing; it was often seen as a vision or an omen.

The simple way to translate this term is with the word "family." But back in the Middle Ages, a family wasn’t just your mom, dad, and siblings. In a tribal society, your maegth was everything. It refers to your clan, your bloodline, and your extended family. If you didn't have a maegth, you were essentially a ghost in the eyes of the law. The maegth was actually responsible for paying wergild (blood money) if you committed a crime.

Literally, andsaca translates as "one who speaks against," meaning someone who denies, accuses, or opposes. In other words, it referred to an enemy, an adversary. But it wasn't just someone you disliked; an andsaca was someone who stood in direct opposition to your truth or your faith. In Old English literature, andsaca could describe spiritual enemies as well as literal monsters. In Christian texts, it was even used as a term for Satan, the ultimate adversary.

Wuldor was a word used to express glory, splendor, or honor. It often referred to the radiance of God or the celebrated fame of a great king. In Old English, wuldor was the term for "celestial splendor." The word conveys more than simple praise—it suggests a brilliance of reputation or divine glory so powerful that it seems almost to shine.

A mouthful of facts

What does the tongue say about you? 12 clues hidden in our mouth!

Image: Clem Onojeghuo

Our mouths do so much more than help us chat, chew, and chuckle. This hardworking part of the body is home to a whole host of weird, wonderful, and sometimes wacky facts. From surprising saliva stats to your teeth’s secret life, a lot is going on behind your smile. And the best part? You don’t need a medical degree to appreciate these bite-sized bits of trivia. Let’s sink our teeth into some fascinating mouth facts!

Image: Nick Fewings

Taste buds are important, but without saliva, your taste buds wouldn't be able to detect much of anything. Saliva helps break down food particles and dissolve the chemicals that make up flavors, sending them to your taste receptors. That’s why food tastes bland when you're dehydrated. Hydration equals better flavor!

Image: Joey Nicotra

Believe it or not, the inside of your mouth is teeming with life. Wanna hear the numbers? Around 8 billion bacteria live there! That’s roughly the population of the entire planet, all crammed into your smile.

Most of these microbes are harmless, and some are even helpful. But when they get out of balance, that’s when things like cavities and gum disease can set in. Brushing and flossing aren’t just cosmetic, they help keep the peace in this microscopic community.

Image: Diana Polekhina

This might surprise you, but skipping floss can affect more than just your gums. Studies have shown a strong link between poor oral health and major diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and even osteoporosis.

Inflammation from gum disease may contribute to problems in other parts of your body. Your mouth is like a window into your overall health, and red flags here could signal trouble elsewhere. Keep the dental checkups going! Your whole body benefits when your mouth is in top shape.

Image: Brian Matangelo

Taking a dip in the pool is refreshing, but make sure you keep your mouth closed. Chlorine, used to disinfect pool water, can be tough on your teeth.

Frequent exposure may weaken enamel and lead to increased tooth sensitivity. That means swimmers, especially those doing laps daily, should be extra cautious. If you’re one of them, just know rinsing with clean water after a swim can help wash away any residue.

Image: Caroline LM

Plaque isn’t just a little fuzzy feeling on your teeth, it’s a mix of bacteria, food particles, and saliva. If left alone, it hardens into tartar, which only a dentist can remove.

Plaque is the main cause of gum disease and cavities. Brushing twice a day and flossing help kick it to the curb. Mouthwash can give an extra layer of protection, too.

Image: Fernanda Greppe

Of all the muscles in your body, the tongue is the only one that doesn’t need skeletal support to do its job. It’s a muscular marvel that helps with speaking, swallowing, and tasting. Despite its flexibility, it’s incredibly strong for its size.

Plus, no two tongues are the same; each has a unique print, just like fingerprints. Bet you didn’t know your tongue was such a multitasker!

Image: Kamal Hoseinianzade

You might only see the top two-thirds of your teeth, but the rest is hiding below the gumline. That hidden portion includes the roots, which anchor your teeth in place. Healthy gums are essential for keeping this foundation strong.

Gum disease can cause that support to weaken, leading to tooth loss over time. So yes, we said it one too many times, but flossing is about way more than fresh breath. A deep clean leads to a deep-rooted smile.

Image: Na visky

Green tea is full of powerful antioxidants and natural antibacterial agents. These can help reduce inflammation in your gums and keep harmful bacteria at bay. Studies suggest it may even lower your risk of periodontal disease.

Unlike sugary drinks, it doesn’t feed the bacteria that cause decay. And it’s a pretty soothing way to wind down after a meal. Swap one of your daily cups of joe for green tea, and your mouth will thank you.

Image: kazuend

You’ve got about 10,000 taste buds scattered around your mouth, but most live on your tongue. They detect sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami flavors, working together like a culinary orchestra.

Now, here’s the fascinating fact: Taste buds regenerate every 10 to 14 days, so you’re always getting a fresh batch. However, aging, smoking, and illness can dull your sense of taste over time.

Image: Lesly Juarez

Just like fingerprints, no two people have the exact same set of teeth. Their size, shape, alignment, and even bite pattern are all uniquely yours. That’s why dental records are so helpful in forensics.

Your teeth are part of your identity, and once you lose them, they don’t grow back. Protecting them is a lifelong investment!

Image: LexScope

Get ready for this one: The average person produces over 37,000 liters of saliva in a lifetime. That’s enough to fill two entire swimming pools!

Saliva plays a vital role in digestion, taste, and keeping your mouth clean. It helps neutralize acids and wash away food particles, protecting against decay. Without it, your mouth would be a desert. Yes, this fact was kind of gross, but equally helpful!

Image: Nik

Over the course of a lifetime, the average person spends 38.5 days brushing their teeth. That’s more than a month with nothing but you, your toothbrush, and the mirror.

It may sound like a lot, but your smile’s worth every second, don’t you think? Regular brushing keeps plaque away, prevents bad breath, and saves you from future dental bills. Just keep brushing, you’re doing mouth maintenance like a pro!