Time changes everything

Do secretaries still keep secrets? 12 job titles that meant other things

Language preserves history in unexpected places. Many job titles that seem ordinary today began with entirely different meanings, reflecting the needs of medieval kingdoms, noble households, religious institutions, and even long-forgotten professions. Although the work behind these titles has changed dramatically over the centuries, the words themselves continue to carry traces of the past wherever they are used.

Today, a secretary is usually associated with calendars, correspondence, and office organization. But centuries ago, a secretary was a trusted keeper of confidential information. The word comes from the Latin secretarius, referring to someone entrusted with secrets and private affairs.

In royal courts and governments, secretaries often served as influential advisers rather than clerical workers. The title still carries traces of that earlier status in positions such as Secretary of State, where the role involves high-level decision-making rather than routine paperwork.

A modern clerk may work in an office, store, courthouse, or government agency. Originally, however, a clerk was a member of the clergy. During the Middle Ages, churches and monasteries were among the few places where people regularly learned to read and write.

Because clergy handled many written records, the word gradually became associated with literacy itself. As education spread beyond religious institutions, the meaning shifted from "churchman" to someone responsible for records, documents, and administrative work.

Today, marshals are often law enforcement officers or senior military officials. The title has surprisingly humble roots. It comes from an old Germanic term meaning something close to "horse servant" or "keeper of horses."

In medieval times, horses were essential for transportation, communication, and warfare. The official responsible for managing them gained increasing authority, and over centuries, the role evolved into one of the most prestigious military and governmental titles in many countries.

Modern Americans know sheriffs as elected county law-enforcement officials. The title dates back more than a thousand years to Anglo-Saxon England, where a sheriff was known as a shire-reeve.

A shire was a county, and a reeve was a royal administrator. Early sheriffs collected taxes, enforced the king’s orders, managed courts, and supervised local government. Fighting crime was only one part of a much broader set of responsibilities.

The butler is often portrayed as the head servant in a grand household. Yet the job originally revolved around something much more specific: wine. Early butlers were responsible for managing wine cellars and serving valuable beverages.

Because wine represented both wealth and status, the position required trust and responsibility. Over time, butlers gained authority over other servants and eventually became the chief managers of large households.

Today, the title steward may be used for airline attendants, ship personnel, or event supervisors. Historically, a steward was a powerful official responsible for managing a noble household, estate, or even an entire territory.

The word comes from Old English terms meaning "household guardian." Medieval stewards oversaw finances, property, staff, and daily operations. Some became influential political figures who effectively governed on behalf of kings and nobles.

Most people immediately think of medicine when they hear the word doctor. Originally, however, a doctor was simply a teacher. The word comes from the Latin docere, meaning "to teach."

Medieval universities awarded the title to scholars qualified to instruct others at the highest level. Long before it became closely associated with physicians, doctors could be experts in theology, law, philosophy, and other academic disciplines.

A minister today can lead a government department or serve as a religious leader. The word’s original meaning is surprisingly modest. In Latin, minister meant "servant" or "attendant."

The title emphasized service rather than authority. Over time, ministers became trusted representatives of rulers and governments, eventually overseeing major areas of public policy while retaining a word that originally suggested humility and assistance.

Modern engineers design everything from skyscrapers to software. The title originally referred to specialists who built or operated military "engines," a term once used for siege machines such as catapults and trebuchets.

These experts combined technical skill with practical problem-solving. As technology expanded during the Industrial Revolution, the meaning broadened dramatically, eventually encompassing the countless engineering fields that exist today.

An accountant now manages financial records, audits, taxes, and budgets. Historically, the role was more closely tied to giving an account: that is, explaining how money or resources had been used.

Kings, merchants, and estate owners needed trusted individuals to report on financial matters. As trade and commerce became more complex, accounting evolved into a highly specialized profession recognized around the world today.

For centuries, a computer was not a machine at all. It was a person whose job involved performing calculations. Governments, observatories, universities, and scientific organizations employed teams of human computers to solve mathematical problems.

Human computers played important roles in astronomy, navigation, engineering, and even early space research. Only in the mid-20th century did electronic machines become so closely associated with the work that they inherited the title themselves.

Today, pilots are most commonly associated with airplanes. Yet the word was guiding vessels long before powered flight existed. Originally, a pilot was an expert navigator who directed ships through difficult harbors, rivers, and coastal waters.

These specialists relied on detailed local knowledge to help vessels avoid hazards and reach their destinations safely. When aviation emerged in the early 1900s, the title naturally transferred to those guiding aircraft through the skies.

EVERY BUMPER STICKER PHRASE HAS A STORY

Keep calm and read on: have you heard these 10 popular phrases & quotes?

Image: Ian Schneider

Motivational and common-use phrases have been embedded in the fabric of our lives forever and social media has done nothing but increase their already ubiquitous presence just about everywhere. And, as everything that is infinitely repeated, they end up losing their original meaning and sense. The following well-known phrases and quotes have deep meanings that we will attempt to uncover. So, stick around and see if one of these bumper sticker phrases means something different than you think it does!

Image: Marc Pell

Let us start by getting out of the way one of the most ubiquitous motivational phrases in the world. "Keep calm and carry on" was coined in 1939 as a wartime slogan intended to boost the morale of the British people during World War II. But the now famous phrase was never made public then, with a very small number of originals being printed.

It wasn’t until a copy was discovered in a bookshop in Northumberland in 2000, and reproductions of it began to be sold a year later, that its fame was established. Nowadays, it is used to sell everything from mugs to flight bags and baby clothes.

Image: Yosuke Ota

Another extremely well-known phrase, used and overused in millions of mugs, prints, notebooks, and whatnot, is "eat, pray, love." The popular slogan was created by author Elizabeth Gilbert as the name of her novel about a journey of self-discovery after a failed marriage.

The phrase encompasses the three activities that helped the author navigate through the life-period described in the book and it has since been used as a mantra of sorts, for its motivational value.

Image: D A V I D S O N L U N A

A favorite of travelers from all over the world, the phrase "not all those who wander are lost" was penned by J.R.R. Tolkien, for his timeless classic, The Lord of the Rings. The line is from the poem "All That Glitters Is Not Gold", which is the riddle of the Strider, or Aragorn.

The quote means just because someone likes to explore and wander, not just physically, spiritually, and mentally, that doesn’t mean they’re lost. It also conveys how people who lose their way can still bounce back in life.

Image: Kin Shing Lai

Coco Chanel was famous for creating a style and becoming an icon herself. But she didn’t do this by following the same path women delving into fashion were supposed to follow in the early 1900s. Instead, she made her own thing and found massive success.

Her phrase "in order to be irreplaceable, one must always be different" is especially meaningful in light of her life story and expresses a highly practical idea: if no one possesses your skills, then you cannot be replaced by anyone.

Image: Thomas T

Just by seeing the highly intimidating blackboards covered in mathematical figures the man used to face, we can be assured that Albert Einstein was no stranger to facing difficulties.

He knew that necessity is the mother of invention and was able to gain knowledge through infinite trials and errors.

The phrase attributed to him, "In the middle of every difficulty lies an opportunity" expresses that same concept in simple words that convey to each one of us to look for the gain in every challenge that presents itself to us.

Image: David Köhler

We have probably all heard this one. The phrase "Rome wasn't built in a day" is used to refer to a great task or achievement that takes time and effort.

Rome wasn't built in a day, and neither was this phrase's history. The earliest known record of the phrase is in a collection of French poems, Li Proverbe au Vilain, that was published before the 1200s.

Image: David Ballew

The poetically charged phrase "Every cloud has a silver lining" can be traced directly from a piece written in 1634 by English poet John Milton called "Comus: A Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle". In it, Milton spoke of a silver lining of brightness behind a gloomy cloud, and soon afterward ‘Milton’s clouds’ became a staple of English Literature.

The phrase’s meaning is that every bad thing brings along some good, and it eventually came into being and common use in the 1800’s, in Victorian England.

Image: Khadeeja Yasser

Another one of those phrases seen embroidered on a pillow, or on a Hallmark postcard, is "Absence makes the heart grow fonder". This sweet quote came originally from the Roman poet Sextus Propertius' Elegies, "Always toward absent lovers love's tide stronger flows", which was converted into the modern variant we know today in 1832,' in The Pocket Magazine of Classic and Polite Literature. The phrase means that the lack of something increases the desire for it.

Image: Denisse Diego

The earliest iteration of the phrase, dating back to 1866 states: "Eat an apple on going to bed, And you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". The meaning of this phrase is quite straightforward: if you eat your vegetables, your body will thank you.

Image: Mick Haupt

This quote by Mahatma Gandhi suggests that love is a force that sustains and nurtures life itself. The idea here is that love, in all its forms, is a fundamental ingredient of life. It is the fuel that moves it forward, and the anchor that grounds it in troubled times. Without love, life would lose much of its meaning and color.