A LITERARY GIANT

Discover The Life Of R.L. Stevenson, The Ultimate Writer-Adventurer!


Published on April 3, 2024


Image: kladcat

The sea breeze blowing our hair. The wind pushes the sails towards the sun rising on the horizon. Life as purpose, celebration, challenge, and legacy. The adventure lies ahead every day, and an inescapable villain, ruthless and tenacious, following in our footsteps.

All these qualities that build the spirit of an extraordinary literary character are embodied in one of the greatest adventure writers of all time. Robert Louis Stevenson - The Man Who Lived.

1

Builders of the light.

Image: Dylan Chan

If anyone seemed to have his destiny assured, it was Robert Stevenson. Like his grandfather, father, uncles, and cousins, the Stevenson illuminated the world: Three generations of lighthouse builders along the entire coast of Britain. Over 50 buildings since 1791, some of which are still standing, attest to their outstanding work.

And although he did not know it yet, Robert would also light up the world in his unique and marvelous way.

2

Bad Guy closes in.

Image: Luke Southern

When he was a child, it became apparent that Robert Stevenson's health was too fragile to follow in the family's footsteps. Like his mother, he suffered from respiratory conditions that later developed into tuberculosis, which plagued him for the rest of his life.

Robert spent extended periods in bed, during which he was cared for by a loving but strict Calvinist nanny. She often told him macabre tales that fed his imagination, both terrifying and captivating him.

3

The call of Adventure.

Image: martin bennie

As a teenager, Stevenson frequently traveled along the coast of Scotland with his father, a lighthouse engineer. These experiences gave him a deep appreciation for the dramatic landscapes of northern Britain, which would later inspire some of his writing.

But his path was not in engineering, but in literature.

Chased by tuberculosis, he had to emigrate to more favorable climates. But precisely these circumstances led to his first travel books, including "An Inland Voyage", which narrates his journey through France and Belgium, as well as a book about his adventures traveling on the back of a donkey.

4

The American years.

Image: Ashim D’Silva

While in France, Stevenson met Fanny Osbourne, an American woman, separated and with two children. They both fell in love, and she left for California to file a divorce. A year later he followed her, although the journey left him bankrupt and almost cost him his life. His experiences were captured in the book "The Amateur Emigrant".

Already married, the couple settled for a time in the American West, where Stevenson wrote stories of travel, adventure, and romance along with essays and poems.

5

The Treasure Map.

Image: Suhash Villuri

Back in Scotland, the end of a rainy summer forced Stevenson to shelter from the inclement weather, spending his days painting to ease boredom.

Soon, the map of an island began to shape. When it was finished, the painting, with its extremely detailed depiction of bays, beaches, and small docks, intrigued the writer: What did those names suggest? Who had been the unfortunate occupant of "Skeleton Island"?

Trying to discover its meaning, R. L. Stevenson gave rise to his first novel and one of the greatest adventure stories in universal literature - Treasure Island.

6

The dream of good and evil.

Image: gunthersimmermacher

Three years later, Stevenson was trying to create a story about the duality of good and evil in human beings.

One morning, Fanny heard her husband's horrified screams and woke him up from what she believed to be a nightmare. Stevenson angrily scolded her for waking him up from what he called "a sweet tale of terror."

He immediately set to work on a new manuscript, and in just three days, he completed the first version of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

The novel, which was a monumental success, predates by decades the studies of personality disorder that Sigmund Freud outlined in his work.

7

Journey through the southern seas.

Image: Alonso Reyes

In 1888, Stevenson embarked on a long voyage traversing the South Pacific with his family to escape his persistent illness once again.

They sailed on a schooner and visited several islands, starting from the Marquesas Islands and moving on to Tahiti. From there, they went to Honolulu, where Stevenson became close friends with the king. After that, they reached the Gilbert Islands and ultimately landed in Samoa.

8

Tusitala.

Image: Alfred John Tattersall

After spending some time in Sydney, Stevenson returned to Samoa and settled there permanently with his family.

The locals were very fond of him and gave him the nickname Tusitala, which means "the storyteller" in their language. He was actively involved in defending the rights of the people of Samoa, and he even spoke out against the archipelago's domination in the British press.

9

The last years.

Image: Unknown Author

During his years at Vailima, his residence in Samoa, Stevenson's health markedly improved.

He produced some of his greatest masterpieces: "Catriona," "Tales from the South Seas," "Bajamar" (which he co-wrote with his son), and "Saint Ives." Most notably, he embarked on his most ambitious novel, "Weir of Hermiston," which remained unfinished. In this work, he revisited the dramatic landscapes of Scotland and incorporated elements of his own story.

One night, after working on the manuscript with his son Lloyd, he was conversing with his wife when he suddenly exclaimed, "What is this? Does my face look strange?" and then collapsed.

10

Epilogue.

Image: Peter Gill / UK, CC BY 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

R.L. Stevenson passed away on December 3, 1894, aged just 44. He left behind a monumental body of work for universal literature and the celebration of a life that persevered every day through all adversities.

At his tomb on Mount Vaea overlooking the sea, his poem Requiem guards his grave: ¨Under the wide and starry sky / dig the grave and let me lie / Glad did I live and gladly die / And I laid me down with a will / This be the verse you grave for me / Here he lies where he longed to be / Home is the sailor home from the sea / And the hunter home from the hill.¨


Warding off evil spirits

Beyond luck: The surprising origins of 12 popular superstitions


Published on April 3, 2024


Image: Ellie Burgin

Many of our most enduring superstitions —such as refraining from stepping under a ladder or avoiding spilling salt— date back centuries. Many have to do with religion, while others we have borrowed from ancient cultures’ traditions. Yet, almost all of them have in common the need to prevent bad fortune or, on the contrary, to attract good luck. In this article, we have compiled 12 popular superstitions and their respective origins. You probably already follow many of them, but do you know the fascinating stories behind them?

1

Number 13

Image: Bekky Bekks

Did you know that many buildings don't have a 13th floor, and many hotels skip rooms ending in 13? This is a superstition deeply rooted in Western culture! The bad reputation of the number 13 is at odds with the lucky number 12, which represents wholeness: the number of months of the year, the gods of Olympus, the signs of the zodiac, etc.

The number 13, on the other hand, is associated with a legend from Norse mythology. Loki, a shape-shifter god, was the thirteenth to arrive at a party, where he tricked another guest into killing the god Baldur. Does this story sound familiar? For Christianity, the apostle who betrayed Jesus, Judas, was the thirteenth guest at the Last Supper.

2

Black cats

Image: Hannah Troupe

While felines were considered sacred animals in civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, in the Middle Ages, black cats began to be associated with witches.

During the time of the European Inquisition, many women were accused of practicing witchcraft, and their black feline companions suffered the same fate. The belief that black cats were the incarnation of witches and that crossing paths with one brought bad luck reached the United States at the time of the Salem witch trials.

3

Walking under ladders

Image: Villager Boy

We are all afraid to walk under a ladder, but very few know the origin of this superstition that extends across several cultures. For Christianity, anything in the shape of a triangle symbolizes the Holy Trinity. If you walk under a triangle-shaped ladder, you would be profaning the sacred and invoking the devil.

In medieval times, in turn, the space below an open ladder was associated with the bottom of the gallows. Thus, it was believed that a person who made the mistake of walking under a ladder would face their own death by hanging in the near future.

4

Opening umbrellas inside

Image: Jordan McDonald

Some believe this superstition is ancient, dating back to the Egyptians, no less! As far as we know, in the Land of the Pharaohs, it was very common to use parasols to protect from the sun, but opening them indoors was considered an insult to the Sun God.

Another theory claims that our belief that opening an umbrella indoors brings bad luck originated in Victorian England. At the time, modern mechanical umbrellas began to become popular, and people considered it too dangerous to open them indoors. Pretty common sense, don't you think?

5

Rabbit’s foot

Image: Rijksmuseum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

The idea that rabbits bring good luck is probably rooted in Celtic folklore. They believed that since rabbits live underground, they have a direct line of communication with the gods.

In more recent times, the animal's reputation for fertility made rabbit amulets popular among women hoping to conceive. Most rabbit's foot amulets today are made of fake fur and plastic, yet the superstition is as alive as ever.

6

Throwing salt

Image: kropekk_pl

There are at least two theories that explain why spilling salt brings bad luck. In ancient civilizations such as Sumerian, Egyptian, and Greek, salt was an extremely expensive and coveted commodity, so spilling it was a huge waste.

The other theory states that salt was considered a magical substance used to perform rituals. Spilling it meant the devil was invited in. Luckily, if you make the mistake of spilling some salt, there is a way to nullify the bad luck: just throw a pinch over your left shoulder to scare away the bad spirits!

7

"God bless" a sneeze

Image: Brandon Nickerson

In most English-speaking countries, it is almost an unconscious reflex to bless someone when they sneeze. Some believe this custom has its origin in an ancient superstition: the soul is separated from the body when we sneeze.

However, the most accurate theory states that this tradition began in the sixth century A.D. when a deadly disease began to spread through Italy. Pope Gregory the Great instructed people to pray for the sick when they sneezed with a simple but, according to him, infallible plea, "God bless you!"

8

Breaking mirrors

Image: Kağan Karatay

According to this popular belief, breaking a mirror brings seven years of bad luck. But why seven and not six or eight? Believe it or not, there’s an explanation!

For one, in ancient times, the mirror was considered a literal reflection of the soul. This, added to the Roman myth that our body is "renewed" every seven years, fed the superstition that breaking a mirror means condemning your soul to seven years of bad luck.

9

Horseshoes

Image: John Cardamone

Horseshoes are a classic symbol of good luck. But do you know where the tradition comes from? It originated in a Christian story about a 10th-century saint. According to legend, Dunstan was a blacksmith who one day was asked by the deceiving Devil to shoe his horse. The clever Dunstan, however, saw through the disguise and nailed the shoe to the Devil's foot instead.

The blacksmith finally agreed to remove the painful nails only if the Devil promised never to enter a house with a horseshoe hanging on the doorway. Still today, it is customary to hang a horseshoe with seven nails over the door to protect houses, barns, and stables from evil spirits.

10

Four-leaf clovers

Image: Djalma Paiva Armelin

In the rich tapestry of symbols created by humans throughout history, few are as universal as the four-leaf clover. This rare variant of the common clover has transcended its botanical virtues to become an emblem of good luck.

The tradition of the four-leaf clover dates back to antiquity. Druids, the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures, considered them powerful amulets capable of warding off evil spirits and bringing good luck. The difficulty of finding one in the wild —an estimated 1 in 5,000— probably contributed to its mystique and value as an amulet.

11

Knocking on wood

Image: Leo_Visions

Knocking on wood to prevent disappointment is a very popular superstition in the United States. However, it has its origins in the ancient pagans who believed that spirits lived in trees. To invoke them and ask for protection, they would knock on the trunks. The ritual was also performed to thank them when something good happened.

Other cultures later adopted the tradition. Some Christians associated the gesture with the rite of touching a crucifix when taking an oath, while Jews connected it to knocking on the wooden doors of synagogues when seeking refuge during the Spanish Inquisition.

12

Groundhog Day

Image: Steve Wrzeszczynski

The custom of predicting the weather through animals was adapted from German culture. In the ancient tradition of Candlemas, celebrated on February 2, members of the clergy distributed blessed candles that were used to determine how long the winter would last.

In the same way, Germans also kept track of the hibernation time of animals. They used to closely follow badgers, but when settlers came to the United States and chose Pennsylvania as their home, they found groundhogs to be a better option.

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Learn more with our Word of the day

reward

/rəˈwɔrd/