From cave paintings to touch screens

Did you ever wonder why these 10 everyday symbols look the way they do?


Published on April 26, 2025


Credit: Foundry

Symbols are everywhere—from ancient manuscripts to Instagram captions. Elegant, cryptic, or quirky, certain typographic characters have communicated their meanings across mediums for centuries. The @ symbol, for example, appeared in merchant notes long before its use in email. And the asterisk has been catching eyes since ancient Greek scholars marked corrections with "little stars." In this article, we dive into the origins of these everyday symbols—you may never look at a question mark the same way again!

1

α (Alpha)

Credit: Masood Aslami

We’ll start at the very beginning. Alpha, or α, is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, represented by a character similar to our lowercase "a." It traces back to the Phoenician letter aleph, which meant "ox." It was expressed with a shape that resembled the animal’s head: 𐤀.

So yes, we could say that our letter "A" is distantly derived from a drawing of a head. Because of its position at the start of the alphabet, the term alpha often refers to the first in a series—alpha particles, alpha software, and even alpha wolves are examples. It’s associated with leadership, hierarchy, and beginnings.

2

π (Pi)

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We know that pi (π) represents the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle, which is roughly 3.14. Because of this, Pi Day is celebrated on March 14th (3/14), often accompanied by mathematical discussions and, well, pies. But what’s the origin of the "T"-like symbol?

Simply put, π is the lowercase letter "p" in the Greek alphabet. In the 18th century, Welsh mathematician William Jones adopted it in place of the word perimeter, since it’s the first letter of that word in Greek (περίμετρος). Since then, the symbol has been used to represent the mathematical constant we know today.

3

@ (At)

Credit: Covi

The "at" sign (@) has a wide array of names around the world. Some of them refer to its curious shape: in Italy, it’s called chiocciola (snail), and in Sweden, kanelbulle (cinnamon bun). Although we now see it daily in email addresses and on social media, its earliest documented use dates back to the 16th century, when merchants and scribes used it to mean "at the rate of" or "each"—for example: "5 apples @ $2."

In the 1970s, however, an American scientist used it to send the first email. The symbol came in handy for separating the user’s name from the machine or server name. Five decades later, not a day goes by without millions of people hitting that key to use the symbol.

4

& (Ampersand)

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We see it in titles (Law & Order), in company names (Ben & Jerry’s), and even in abbreviations (R&B). The ampersand symbol (&) is considered one of the oldest symbols still in regular use today. It originated as a ligature—a combination of the Latin letters E and T from the word et ("and").

In 1st-century Roman cursive, scribes began merging e and t for quicker writing; the "&" shape evolved over time, becoming more stylized during the Middle Ages. The name ampersand emerged in the 1800s, when, in early grammar schools, children reciting the alphabet would conclude with "&" (then considered the 27th letter) by saying: "and per se and" (meaning "and, by itself, means ‘and’"). Over time, this phrase slurred into ampersand.

5

# (Octothorpe)

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Some call it the "hash," the number sign, or the pound sign. Today, many know it as the "hashtag," owing to its use as a tagging device on social media. Its formal name, however, is the "octothorpe."

The octothorpe may have evolved from the Roman shorthand symbol ℔, which meant "pound in weight." Over time, it gained horizontal strokes, transforming into the # shape we recognize today. Since the 1960s, many people have known it as the "#" key on telephone keypads. In 2007, Twitter product designers adopted the symbol to group conversations—an idea that worked so well it soon spread across most social media platforms.

6

? (Question mark)

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In typographic terms, it’s called an "interrogation point." It marks a simple, direct question when placed at the end of a sentence, but we’ve also come to associate it with playful surprises or enigmas—like mystery boxes in games. But who decided that the dotted curl would stand for questions, though?

The question mark evolved from the Latin word quaestio ("question"). Early scribes abbreviated quaestio as "qo," placing the "o" above the "q." Over time, the "q" curved downward, and the "o" became the dot—forming the "?" we know today. By the 13th century, the modern question mark shape was widely adopted by European scholars. It became a standard punctuation mark with the rise of printing during the Renaissance.

7

! (Exclamation mark)

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So, what about the punctuation mark for exclamation? The exclamation mark has origins not too different from the question mark. In Latin, the word io (an exclamation of joy or triumph) was written with the "i" above the "o." Over time, scribes stylized this into "!", with the "i" becoming the vertical line and the "o" turning into the dot.

Still, it wasn’t until the 15th century that it became a standard symbol in writing. Before that, people relied on word choice or context to convey emphasis. Even today, some writers choose to avoid it. Style guides like The Chicago Manual of Style recommend using exclamation marks sparingly, arguing that "good writing" shouldn’t need them.

8

% (Percentage sign)

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The percentage sign, used to express a fraction out of a hundred, is another example of a symbol that evolved over the centuries into a scribble in itself. In Latin, per centum was used often, meaning "per hundred." When written down in early manuscripts, it was abbreviated as "pc" or "p100." Over time, the "p" disappeared, and the "100" was transformed into the two dots we recognize today.

Did you know that there is a similar sign meaning "per thousand"? The symbol "‰" (per mille) is a lesser-known cousin of the percentage sign and is still used in scientific and financial contexts.

9

(Asterisk)

Credit: Kelly Sikkema

The "asterisk," as we know it today, was already drawn in cave paintings. Simple as it is, the figure must have always been compelling. The first time it was used to mark corrections or omissions in texts was by an early Greek scholar. They called this sign asteriskos, meaning "little star."

As early as the Middle Ages, it began being used around words or sentences to imply emphasis—similar to how we use it today in digital texts. In plain-text formats, we use the "" symbol to make specific words or letters appear bold.

10

$ (Dollar sign)

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The crossed-out "S" represents currency in the United States and many other countries, including Canada and Australia. In fact, the dollar sign originated from the symbol used in business correspondence to refer to the Spanish peso in the 18th century, also known in British America as "pieces of eight."

The peso was abbreviated as "ps" or "P$," representing "peso" and "silver." Over time, the "P" evolved, and scribes began merging it with the "S" into a single character. This stylization eventually led to the familiar "$," with one or two lines crossing the capital "S." The dollar sign became widely adopted in the United States after the country's independence.


Evolving lexicon

10 English words that shifted their spelling over time


Published on April 26, 2025


Credit: Matt Riches

Just like a river constantly flows yet maintains its continuity, languages change and evolve over time. Words can shift in spelling, alter their meanings, or branch into entirely new concepts while retaining the essence that once defined them. Even in modern times, with dictionaries and education standardizing pronunciations and definitions, notable differences persist across generations and regions. From musick to fyr, here are ten fascinating examples of words whose spellings have transformed into what we recognize today.

1

Musick → Music

Credit: Clark Young

The word musick was standard until the late 17th century. Influenced by the shift to a more simplified orthography, the "k" had been dropped by the early 18th century. Influential writers like Samuel Johnson popularized these updates in dictionaries, ensuring their adoption.

The simplification also reflects a push to align English with the etymological roots of the word, which derive from the Latin musica (the art of music, which, interestingly, also included poetry), itself originating from Greek roots related to all the arts over which the Muses presided.

2

Colour → Color

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Colour shifted to color in American English, thanks to Noah Webster’s spelling reforms in the early 19th century. Webster believed English should reflect American identity and reduce unnecessary letters.

His 1828 dictionary cemented spellings like color, while British English retained the original. He also simplified similar words like flavour to flavor, rumour to rumor, honour to honor, and many more.

3

Doughter → Daughter

Credit: Kelly Sikkema

In Middle English, daughter was spelled doughter, echoing its Germanic roots and the Old English spelling dohtor. Over time, the spelling simplified as pronunciation became more standardized.

The "gh" sound, once pronounced like a guttural "ch," fell silent, leading to modern daughter. This was part of a broader trend where silent letters persisted in writing but disappeared from speech. By the 15th century, the modern spelling of daughter as well as the modern pronunciation became the norm.

4

Shoppe → Shop

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Though today it’s just a fancy spelling of the word shop, often used to convey an old-fashioned or quaint feel, shoppe actually used to be the preferred spelling in Middle English.

The word originates from the Old English scoppa, which appears like a completely different word but was pronounced "shop-pah," not too far from the modern spelling and pronunciation. As the language evolved and shop became the dominant pronunciation, the silent "e" in shoppe was eventually phased out by the 17th century, as it no longer served a phonetic purpose.

5

Fyr → Fire

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It is not surprising that a word pertaining to the very essence of change and transformation has itself changed so much throughout history. The Old English word for fire was fyr, related to the Old Norse word fūrr and the German feuer, all of which share roots with the Greek pŷr (as in the modern prefix pyro-, as in pyrotechnics or funeral pyre).

The Old English word evolved into the modern fire during the Middle English period, influenced by a process of major changes in vowel sounds, known as The Great Vowel Shift, which took place between the 15th and 17th centuries.

6

Gaol → Jail

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Gaol is now an almost obsolete alternative spelling of jail, though their pronunciations are identical (both pronounced "jail"). Historically, gaol was derived from Anglo-Norman French, while jail originated in Old French.

The two words coexisted in English for centuries, but jail eventually became the preferred spelling in the 20th century. However, gaol is still considered a correct spelling and continues to be used in some countries, like Ireland and Australia, primarily in legal contexts.

7

Rime → Rhyme

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This is one of the rare cases where the trend of simplification in English words does not apply. Rime was the original Middle English spelling, derived from Old French rimer. The modern form of the word was introduced in the 16th century as an attempt to restore a classical spelling, based on a mistaken connection to the Greek word rhythmos.

However, despite their similarities, there is no direct relationship between these two words. The etymological link was later proven false, but the new spelling persisted.

8

Clew → Clue

Credit: Tara Evans

Sometimes changes in spelling also involve a shift in meaning, though there is often a connection or thread linking both words. In the case of clew, which originally meant a ball of thread, the word eventually morphed into clue by the 16th century, taking the sense of a hint or guiding piece of information.

Moreover, this sense shift specifically referenced the ball of thread given by Ariadne to Theseus to guide him out of the Labyrinth in Greek mythology. Today, clew only survives in specialized contexts, such as nautical terminology.

9

Olde → Old

Credit: Annie Spratt

Just like shoppe or doughter, olde was once an older spelling of the modern word old (puns and redundancy unintended). However, this isn't entirely accurate—**olde** might just be a modern spelling designed to evoke nostalgia and a sense of antiquity.

While there are examples of olde used in place of old in the 15th and 16th centuries (not surprising, given that English was far from standardized at the time), it was not as common as those fancy-lettered "Ye Olde Shoppe" signs might lead you to believe. People simply knew that in earlier forms of English, many words resembled their modern counterparts but included an extra "e" at the end, which led to the spelling becoming popular as an alternative with an archaic feel.

10

Cniht → Knight

Credit: Matt Benson

The word knight underwent a significant transformation from its Old English form cniht, meaning a young man or servant. As English evolved, the word was influenced by French, particularly after the Norman Conquest, and the spelling shifted to knight.

The "k" was likely added due to the influence of French and its phonetic tendencies, despite the "k" being silent in the modern pronunciation. During the Hundred Years’ War, the word began to be used in a specific military sense and afterwards it gradually rose in importance, eventually becoming a rank in the nobility by the 16th century.

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neologism

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