Pop culture etymologies

This 1944 movie gave its name to a psychological tactic

We are used to thinking that the words we use daily are derived from Latin or Greek words used centuries ago, or that great authors like Shakespeare coined them. Sometimes, though, these everyday terms have been in use for just a few decades, or are the product of a children’s book or a cartoon, and we are none the wiser. Let’s have a look at 11 words that were first used or popularized in books and movies.

In 2022, ‘gaslighting’ was chosen as the word of the year by the Merriam-Webster dictionary, describing the manipulative technique of making someone question their memories, perceptions, and even their reality. While the term is now used for a psychological manipulation, its name comes from a literal gaslight.

In the 1944 movie Gaslight, adapted from a play, a man slowly convinces his wife that she’s going insane to commit her to an asylum. One of his tactics consists of dimming the gas lights in the house while insisting she is imagining the light changes. Despite the term originating in 1944, it only became widely used in the 2010s.

In the 21st century, paparazzi are an annoying but common occurrence for anyone famous, but did you know that their name comes from a 1960s Italian classic film? Federico Fellini’s La Dolce Vita follows Marcello Rubini, a celebrity journalist, across seven days in Rome.

Rubini is accompanied by the photographer Paparazzo, modelled after scandal-hunting Roman photographers, a name the director chose because it reminded him of an annoying, quick-moving insect. The use of the name as a common term for celebrity photographers was popularized in English by Time magazine shortly after the movie.

Robots are not an oddity in the 21st century and are a common occurrence in movies, books, and other types of media. But the term ‘robot’ has a darker history than many imagine. First used in the 1920 play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) by Czech writer Karel Čapek, it was used to describe bio-engineered humans—closer to what we would now call androids—, mass-produced to serve as workers.

Čapek used the Czech word robota, meaning ‘serfdom’, ‘hard work’, and sometimes interpreted as ‘slave’, to name these human-like beings that were efficient, but lacked emotions, critical thinking, and self-preservation instincts, and were thus easier to exploit. The term entered the English language in the late 1930s and later evolved into the idea of a highly advanced machine.

Did you know that the name of this popular search engine is derived from a mathematical term? A ‘googol’ describes a 1 followed by a hundred zeroes, and the founders of Google chose the name —with a slightly different spelling— to reflect the vast amount of information the search engine would make available.

But while the verb form ‘to Google’ was initially used by founder Larry Page in 1998, it only became popular in 2002, thanks to the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer, where in S07, E04, Willow asks Buffy, "Have you googled her yet?" Google has tried to discourage this use of the term, but what can you do against the power of a cult series?

No one really knows where the term ‘nerd’ originated, but it is widely accepted that it’s a variation of ‘nert’ or ‘nut’, both meaning a stupid or crazy person. It first appeared in print in the 1950s book If I Ran the Zoo by Dr. Seuss, where it is used as the name of a small creature.

By that point, the term became popular as a derogatory way to describe someone brainy or socially inept. However, its later use in sitcoms and films in association with intellectualism and a passion for technology has contributed to lessening the negative connotations of the word.

When Hormel Foods introduced SPAM to the market in 1937, they never imagined it would become the international word for junk emails. The brand name, an abbreviation of ‘spiced ham’, eventually became synonymous with luncheon meat and was featured in a humorous sketch of the BBC comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus.

The sketch features a bar where every dish includes SPAM, which prompts a group of Viking patrons to shout "spam, spam" each time the waitress reads out the menu. The term was then adopted to describe repetitive, unwanted internet messages, and it is now instantly associated with commercial ads and repetitive messages.

Now a common way to take responsibility for something or to admit a fault, this phrase originated in the world of basketball in the 1970s to own an error and keep the game moving. Golden State Warriors’ Manute Bol is commonly credited with popularizing its use in the basketball context, but its spreading to other contexts came through the rom-com classic Clueless.

This 90s reimagining of a Jane Austen novel popularized several San Fernando Valley slang words and phrases through its main character, Cher, and her use of "Oops! My bad" during a driving lesson is probably one of the most iconic Clueless quotes.

We now understand the term ‘nimrod’ as ‘fool’ or ‘klutz’, but its original use was quite different. The Bible describes King Nimrod, one of Noah’s descendants, as a mighty hunter, but the name also carries the meaning of ‘rebellious’ and ‘tyrant’, so across history, ‘nimrod’ has been used to refer to both tyrants and good hunters.

How did it come to mean fool? It is all Bugs Bunny’s fault. In a 1948 Looney Tunes episode, Bugs Bunny mockingly calls Elmer Fudd a nimrod, implying that he is a pathetic hunter. Maybe the audience failed to pick up the biblical reference or the sarcasm, but that was the turning point of ‘nimrod’ from hunter to fool.

J.R.R. Tolkien coined many terms, but we bet you didn’t know he was the mind behind the use of ‘tween’ as preadolescent. While he did not invent the term itself —this shortened version of ‘between’ already existed— he contributed to its association with the stage between childhood and coming of age.

In The Lord of the Rings, ‘tween’ is used to describe hobbits in their twenties, often irresponsible and reckless, no longer children, but still not fully adults until they are 33 years old. As hobbits live longer than humans, this stage is equivalent to preteens and teenagers. After the term was popularized in English, it became synonymous with children in the in-between stage before adolescence.

If you ever thought that ‘pandemonium’ might be related to ‘demon’, you were a hundred percent right. A combination of the Greek pan (‘all’) and the Latin daemonium (‘demon’ or ‘evil spirit’), the word first appeared in John Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667). In the poem, the angels fallen from Heaven create a palace in Hell, called Pandemonium or ‘place of all the demons’.

How did its meaning shift to chaos and mayhem? A few decades after Milton coined it, the term became common to describe places of chaos and uproar, eventually being associated with the chaos itself.

Have you ever heard the term ‘malapropism’? It is often used to describe the incorrect use of a word in place of another that sounds similar, such as confusing ‘amphibious’ with ‘ambidextrous’. Though this is a common speech mistake in any language, its English name comes from the 1775 play The Rivals, by Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

In the play, the character of Mrs. Malaprop (from the French mal à propos, ‘poorly placed’) frequently uses the incorrect but similar-sounding word, creating confusion and failing to properly communicate. Though the term ‘dogberryism’ —in reference to a Shakespearean character— is sometimes used, ‘malapropism’ has undoubtedly become the most common name for this mistake.

Lost futures

We were promised jetpacks: 10 futures that never arrived

Image: isaac.

From jetpacks to robot servants, past generations had big dreams for the 21st century. Magazines, sci-fi writers, and even scientists once imagined a future far flashier than today’s reality. But many of these predictions never came true—or at least not in the ways they expected. Here's a roundup of 10 things we were supposed to have mastered by now… but haven’t.

Image: SpaceX

In the 1960s, Bell Aerosystems developed a working jetpack prototype, and the media rushed to predict that personal flight would soon be common.

The Bell Rocket Belt was even showcased at the 1964 World’s Fair, but its 21-second flight limit and high fuel consumption prevented it from achieving mass adoption. Modern versions exist but are expensive and impractical for daily use.

Image: MeSSrro

Popular Mechanics and other similar magazines predicted that flying cars would fill the skies by the turn of the millennium.

Despite prototypes like the quirky Aerocar of the 1950s and today’s advances in vertical takeoff and electric aviation, flying cars remain more dream than reality.

Image: NASA

Another 20th-century dream cut short: after the 1969 moon landing, many experts expected permanent lunar bases by the year 2000.

However, while NASA and many other space agencies proposed moon settlements, political and financial cuts halted long-term plans. Only robotic missions have visited our cosmic companion since 1972.

Image: Mick Haupt

Post-WWII futurists believed that humanity would eventually engineer the weather using satellites or ground tech. Projects like "Project Stormfury" attempted hurricane modification, but the results were inconclusive.

Cloud seeding exists, but its effectiveness is debated, and large-scale weather control remains out of reach.

Image: Possessed Photography

Since the 1950s, popular media such as The Jetsons have promised human-like domestic robots. While Roombas and virtual assistants like Alexa exist, most prototypes of humanoid home robots still struggle with dexterity, reliability, and cost.

Unfortunately, for now, the bulk of household cleaning still falls to humans rather than their long-imagined robotic helpers.

Image: Jerrick Castillo

Visionaries like Jacques Cousteau imagined thriving oceanic cities by the 21st century.

Though experimental habitats like Conshelf and SeaLab were tested, persistent challenges such as pressure and high costs of building make long-term underwater living largely unrealistic.

Image: Riku Lu

Sci-fi from the 1980s often portrayed people learning languages or skills in seconds with the aid of advanced technology.

Brain–computer interfaces do exist, but they remain in early developmental stages, and the idea of "downloading" information directly into the human brain is far beyond the capabilities of current neuroscience.

Image: Michael Pointner

Inspired by shows like Star Trek, people thought teleportation might be real by now.

Quantum teleportation has been achieved at the particle level, but it doesn’t move matter—only quantum states. For now, human teleportation remains firmly in the realm of fiction.

Image: Daniele Franchi

Einstein’s theories sparked dreams of real-life time travel by manipulating relativity.

While time dilation is a real phenomenon observed at extreme speeds and in strong gravitational fields, constructing a machine capable of traveling into the past remains impossible under our current understanding of physics.

Image: Ksenia Yakovleva

Mid-century futurists expected food to eventually be replaced with efficient tablets.

While nutrient pills and protein bars exist, actual meals still require bulk calories and texture, something a pill just can’t provide. Even in specialized environments—like astronauts aboard space stations—the idea remains highly impractical for real diets.